Between 1545 and 1810, one-fifth of the world’s total silver came from the mines of Potosí, Bolivia. The circulation of this silver contributed to the origins of the global economy and generated new imaginations of transport infrastructure. Drawing on historic maps and travelers’ accounts, it is possible to trace the historic relationship between space, risk, and profit, and identify a key turning point. In the 18th century, the Spanish colonial administration moved away from direct taxes on silver mining and toward indirect taxes on commerce. Increasing tax revenue was no longer about mining more silver; instead, it was about accelerating the rate at which it circulated. As a result, knowledge of distance and time became increasingly important. Specific stopping points on the route were mapped, and the distance between them tabulated. Compared with the largely undifferentiated landscape of earlier representations, 18th-century maps and guidebooks depict a series of straight lines punctuated by regularly spaced waystations. Often associated with a generalized Enlightenment-era focus on measurement, this new form of representation is better understood as both produced by and productive of the new imperial economics. Distance was time, and time, more than ever before, was money.
Matthew Ballance is a third-year Ph.D. student in the Department of Anthropology. As a historical archaeologist, he draws on both material and archival evidence to examine the relationship between infrastructure, colonialism, and extractivism capitalism in Southern Bolivia. His dissertation research examines the formation, regulation, and use of the Camino Real, or “royal highway,” during the Bourbon Reforms of the late 18th-century. His scholarly work is driven by a desire to reframe discourse around Indigenous and local agency in the colonial state, and to illuminate the historical conditions that continue to shape contemporary inequality. As a result, his research frames infrastructure as something that emerges not from top-down planning, but through negotiation between the colonial state and Indigenous communities. He received his B.A. in Archaeology and History from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and his M.A. in Anthropology from Colorado State University. (Bio composed by Shirley Mak)